In class, we have mentioned and discussed APIs a few times (remember our discussion about Goodreads and Digital Public Library of America?). And now it’s time to dig in and try working with them 🥳.

So what exactly is an API?

API stands for Application Programming Interface.What does that mean exactly?

While according to Wikipedia,

An application programming interface is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how to build or use such a connection or interface is called an API specification.

But that probably leaves you with more questions than answers.

Let’s try looking at specific API to figure out what this means. We’ll be working with the DPLA API (the same one that we read and discussed in Yanni Alexander Loukissas, All Data Are Local). Pull up their documentation for their API https://pro.dp.la/developers/api-basics/.

You’ll notice they begin with a helpful explanation for what is an API.

dpla basics

I realize this might still be a bit confusing so take a look at this figure, which visualizes how APIs work.

api workflow

You’ll notice that we have a Broswer that is using the “internet cloud” to make requests and get responses from an API that is connected to a web server and a database. This all sounds pretty complex, but you’ve actually already used APIs probably tens of thousands of times at this point your life. Whenever you go to a site like Twitter or Facebook, or really any major website, because of the way modern websites work, you’re actually making API requests. This is because we no longer store all our data in the webpage, but rather serve it dynamically through an API.

So when you visit a website, your browser will make a request to the server, which will then send back the data you requested. This is called a request (think back to the Julia Evans’ comic about HTTP requests from Intro to Web Scraping).

Rather than going to a URL in your browser, an API lets us send a similar request to a server, and then we can get the data we want. If you want a bit more in-depth introduction you might check out this medium post https://medium.com/epfl-extension-school/an-illustrated-introduction-to-apis-10f8000313b9.

Big takeaway is to realize that so far we have been getting data by either downloading CSVs or scraping from the web. APIs let us get usually larger amounts of data that would be either difficult to download or difficult to scrape.

So let’s try this out!

Working with DPLA API

There’s a few ways we can work with the DPLA API. First we are going to be working with the requests library we used in the Intro to Web Scraping class. But if you are having issues authenticating with the API, you can jump ahead and use the DPyLA library, which is a Python library to work the DPLA API.

Request(ing) Data

Our first step when working with an API is to authenticate. This sound intimidating but you do it all the time whenever you login to your email, DUO, social media, etc…; it’s just usually this is handled automatically by your browser. Because we aren’t using a browser with APIs, we need to do this explicitly by making a request to the API to get an authentication key and token.

For DPLA we will follow these instructions https://pro.dp.la/developers/policies#get-a-key, but it’s worth noting that many APIs have different ways of authenticating so you should be sure to read their documentation (usually available under developer documentation, like this one from the Spotify API https://developer.spotify.com/documentation/general/guides/authorization/).

Let’s get our DPLA token!

On Macs, open your terminal and type:

curl -v -XPOST http://api.dp.la/v2/api_key/YOUR_EMAIL@example.com

On Windows, open PowerShell and type:

Invoke-WebRequest -Uri ("http://api.dp.la/v2/api_key/YOUR_EMAIL@example.com") -Method POST -Verbose

In both examples, replace YOUR_Email@example.com with your email (can be any email address). If you run into issues, feel free to jump ahead and authenticate with DPyLA.

Once you’ve completed that step, go to your inbox and you should see an email from the DPLA with your API key, which is a long list of alphanumeric characters.

Copy that key and we are going to store in a new Python script. Create a script called first_api_script.py and import requests into the script. Then save your key into a new variable called api_key.

import requests

api_key = "YOUR_API_KEY_HERE"

Now we can look at the DPLA API documentation to see how we can start getting data from their databases https://pro.dp.la/developers/requests.

Let’s start with the simple search example https://pro.dp.la/developers/requests#simple.

Copy their example url into your script and save it as the variable url. Then try to get the data from the API using the requests.get method we’ve used previously.

url = 'https://api.dp.la/v2/items?q=kittens&api_key='

response = requests.get(url + api_key)

Notice that the end of the url variable is api_key= and that in the requests.get, we are concating url and api_key. That’s how we pass our key to the DPLA API so that it knows who we are and that we are allowed to use their API. While we have discussed HTTP in our Intro to Web Scraping class, we haven’t really broken down what a url is exactly.

What is a URL?

URL actually stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It’s a way to identify a specific document (remember document is what we call web pages) on the internet and also includes instructions on how to access the document (remember HTTP headers – yes, they are confusing but they do help browsers understand how to load data and web pages). The Mozilla docs has a great introduction to URLs and helps see that the basic structure of a URL is the following:

url structure

What we are using in our example is a URL is first a scheme https, then a domain api.dp.la, then a path /v2/items, then a query q=kittens, and then a key api_key= and then the actual key. Everything after the ? is called a query string and it’s where we set the parameters (or arguments — yes exactly like a function in Python!) that we want to pass to the API.

What is a response?

So now we have a sense of how we are composing our API request URL, let’s take a look at the response. We’ve used the get method from requests, which if we go to the documentation https://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#requests.get, tells us that this method or function returns a requests.Response. Now since we know that requests is the library, what we are really interested in is this Response class https://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#requests.Response.

According to the documentation, this class contains:

The Response object, which contains a server’s response to an HTTP request.

The first few bolded options underneath the Response object are the methods we can use with this class. We’ve already tried one of them in class on Tuesday https://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#requests.Response.status_code.

Let’s try to print out the status code.

response.status_code

What does 200 mean again?

How could we see what data got returned from the API? We could use two methods, either .text or .json() Let’s try to print out the response, using the json one.

response.json()

You should see something like the following:

{"count":1014,"start":1,"limit":10,"docs":[{"id":"43a2f678b647c534de2600c3a9697337","@context":"http://dp.la/api/items/context","@id":"http://dp.la/api/items/43a2f678b647c534de2600c3a9697337","aggregatedCHO":"#sourceResource","dataProvider":"Minneapolis Institute of Art","ingestDate":"2022-01-11T15:11:30.751Z","ingestType":"item","isShownAt":"https://collections.artsmia.org/art/58424","object":"http://0.api.artsmia.org/58424.jpg","rights":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","originalRecord":{"stringValue":"{\n  \"id\" : \"17bbe3e1f0f8585fe39cd03562a682c302ded5aa\",\n  \"type\" : \"records\",\n  \"links\" : {\n    \"self\" : \"https://lib-metl-prd-01.oit.umn.edu/api/v2/records/17bbe3e1f0f8585fe39cd03562a682c302ded5aa\"\n  },\n  \"attributes\" : {\n    \"metadata\" : {\n      \"object\" : \"http://0.api.artsmia.org/58424.jpg\",\n      \"rights\" : \"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/\",\n      \"@context\" : \"http://dp.la/api/items/context\",\n      \"HUBINDEX\" : {\n        \"title_ssi\" : \"Kittens\",\n        \"object_ssi\" : \"http://0.api.artsmia.org/58424.jpg\",\n        \"title_ssort\" : \"Kittens\",\n        \"creator_ssim\" : \"Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock\",\n        \"isShownAt_ssi\" : \"https://collections.artsmia.org/art/58424\",\n        \"dataProvider_ssi\" : \"Minneapolis Institute of Art\",\n        \"dataProvider_tei\" : \"Minneapolis Institute of Art\",\n        \"creator_display_ssi\" : \"Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock\",\n        \"sourceResource_extent_ssi\" : \"8 11/16 x 12 15/16 in. (22.07 x 32.86 cm) (image)\\r\\n14 x 18 in. (35.56 x 45.72 cm) (mat, Size I)\",\n        \"sourceResource_format_ssi\" : \"Lithograph\",\n        \"sourceResource_creator_ssi\" : \"Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock\",\n        \"sourceResource_identifier_ssi\" : \"P.11,063\",\n        \"sourceResource_spatial_name_ssi\" : \"North America\",\n        \"sourceResource_location_facet_ssim\" : [ null, \"\", \"\", null, \"North America\" ],\n        \"sourceResource_date_displaydate_ssi\" : \"19th century\",\n        \"sourceResource_spatial_coordinates_ssi\" : \"46.07323, -100.54688\"\n      },\n      \"provider\" : \"Minnesota Digital Library\",\n      \"isShownAt\" : \"https://collections.artsmia.org/art/58424\",\n      \"batch_param\" : \"\",\n      \"record_hash\" : \"17bbe3e1f0f8585fe39cd03562a682c302ded5aa\",\n      \"dataProvider\" : \"Minneapolis Institute of Art\",\n      \"originalRecord\" : {\n        \"id\" : \"http://api.artsmia.org/objects/58424\",\n        \"role\" : \"Artist\",\n        \"room\" : \"Not on View\",\n        \"text\" : \"\",\n        \"dated\" : \"19th century\",\n        \"image\" : \"valid\",\n        \"style\" : \"19th century\",\n        \"title\" : \"Kittens\",\n        \"artist\" : \"Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock\",\n        \"medium\" : \"Lithograph\",\n        \"signed\" : \"No\",\n        \"country\" : \"United States\",\n        \"culture\" : null,\n        \"markings\" : \"\",\n        \"see_also\" : [ \"\" ],\n        \"continent\" : \"North America\",\n        \"dimension\" : \"8 11/16 x 12 15/16 in. (22.07 x 32.86 cm) (image)\\r\\n14 x 18 in. (35.56 x 45.72 cm) (mat, Size I)\",\n        \"life_date\" : null,\n        \"portfolio\" : \"From \",\n        \"creditline\" : \"Anonymous gift, 1924\",\n        \"department\" : \"Arts of the Americas\",\n        \"provenance\" : \"\",\n        \"restricted\" : 0,\n        \"description\" : \"Several water spots near edges\",\n        \"image_width\" : 6183,\n        \"inscription\" : \"\",\n        \"nationality\" : null,\n        \"object_name\" : \"Tour Du Gros - Horloge, Batie Sous La Domination Des Anglais\",\n        \"rights_type\" : \"Public Domain\",\n        \"image_height\" : 4428,\n        \"classification\" : \" Prints\",\n        \"image_copyright\" : \"\",\n        \"accession_number\" : \"P.11,063\",\n        \"curator_approved\" : 0,\n        \"art_champions_text\" : null,\n        \"catalogue_raissonne\" : null\n      },\n      \"sourceResource\" : {\n        \"date\" : {\n          \"displayDate\" : \"19th century\"\n        },\n        \"title\" : \"Kittens\",\n        \"extent\" : \"8 11/16 x 12 15/16 in. (22.07 x 32.86 cm) (image)\\r\\n14 x 18 in. (35.56 x 45.72 cm) (mat, Size I)\",\n        \"format\" : \"Lithograph\",\n        \"creator\" : \"Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock\",\n        \"spatial\" : [ {\n          \"name\" : \"North America\",\n          \"state\" : \"\",\n          \"county\" : \"\",\n          \"country\" : null,\n          \"coordinates\" : \"46.07323, -100.54688\"\n        } ],\n        \"identifier\" : \"P.11,063\"\n      },\n      \"HIDE_FIELD_IMAGE_INVALID\" : \"valid\",\n      \"HIDE_FIELD_IMAGE_RESTRICTED\" : \"0\"\n    },\n    \"record-hash\" : \"17bbe3e1f0f8585fe39cd03562a682c302ded5aa\",\n    \"import-job-name\" : \"MIA\",\n    \"import-job-id\" : 37,\n    \"import-batch-id\" : 1360402,\n    \"import-job-tags\" : [ \"dpla\", \"dplaingest\", \"dpla_nonoai\" ]\n  }\n}"},"provider":{"@id":"http://dp.la/api/contributor/mdl","name":"Minnesota Digital Library"},"sourceResource":{"@id":"http://dp.la/api/items/43a2f678b647c534de2600c3a9697337#SourceResource","creator":["Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock"],"date":[{"displayDate":"19th century"}],"extent":["8 11/16 x 12 15/16 in. (22.07 x 32.86 cm) (image) 14 x 18 in. 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Kellogg</name>\n    <topic>Pets</topic>\n    <topic>Art</topic>\n    <topic>Peters Prints</topic>\n    <topic>Flowers</topic>\n    <topic>Furnishings</topic>\n    <place>United States</place>\n    <place>Connecticut</place>\n    <place>Hartford</place>\n    <online_media_type>Images</online_media_type>\n  </indexedStructured>\n  <freetext>\n    <setName label=\"See more items in\">\n      Cultural and Community Life: Domestic Life\n    </setName>\n    <setName label=\"See more items in\">Domestic Furnishings</setName>\n    <setName label=\"See more items in\">Art</setName>\n    <setName label=\"See more items in\">Peters Prints</setName>\n    <date label=\"date made\">1846</date>\n    <identifier label=\"ID Number\">DL.60.2356</identifier>\n    <identifier label=\"catalog number\">60.2356</identifier>\n    <identifier label=\"accession number\">228146</identifier>\n    <notes label=\"Description (Brief)\">\n      Colored print of three kittens playing with yarn on and around a stool. 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This is a lot of data! To make it a bit more readable we can copy and paste it into https://jsonlint.com/, which will nicely format it for us.

Now we can see all the fields that the API returns. Also note that when we use response.json() we get a JSON object (confused on what that is? That’s ok, we’ve sort of jumped over file formats, so go take a quick look at the intro to file formats). Hopefull you’ll notice that it looks very similar to our Python dictionary (curl brackets anyone?).

We can actually use that similar syntax to explore the data from DPLA. Let’s store the response.json() object in a variable called dpla_data.

dpla_data = response.json()

Now let’s try to print out just the keys of the dictionary.

print(dpla_data.keys())

You should see the following list of keys:

dict_keys(['count', 'start', 'limit', 'docs', 'facets'])

These aren’t that meaningful to us, but we can start to investigate what they mean by looking at the API documentation https://pro.dp.la/developers/object-structure. This documentation is pretty sparse, so let’s click on the docs option https://pro.dp.la/developers/field-reference#docs. Now we can see the data that corresponds to all the fields that we see in our response.json() object.

A lot of these fields are still pretty dense, so let’s take a look at one of our itmes. Try printing out the following code:

print('dataProvider', dpla_data['docs'][0]['dataProvider'])

print('isShownAt', dpla_data['docs'][0]['isShownAt'])

print('sourceResource', dpla_data['docs'][0]['sourceResource'])

I’ve selected one of the keys from dpla_data (docs in this case), then indexed the first item since the value of docs is a list, and then because that list contains dictionaries, I then pass in some keys to look more closely at this data. This should print out the following:

'Minneapolis Institute of Art'

'https://collections.artsmia.org/art/58424'

{
    '@id': 'http://dp.la/api/items/43a2f678b647c534de2600c3a9697337#SourceResource', 
    'creator': ['Artist: Kellogg and Cumstock'], 
    'date': [{'displayDate': '19th century'}], 
    'extent': ['8 11/16 x 12 15/16 in. (22.07 x 32.86 cm) (image) 14 x 18 in. (35.56 x 45.72 cm) (mat, Size I)'], 
    'format': ['Lithograph'], 
    'spatial': [{'name': 'North America', 'coordinates': '46.07323, -100.54688'}], 
    'title': ['Kittens']
}

Remember All Data are Local?

collecting infrastructures

We can see that our API response is similar to what was printed at the front of the chapter.

We can also look at the two projects mentioned in the chapter:

library observatory library observatory
Library Observatory Temporalities

The first highlights the orgin of the data, and the second highlights the temporal context of the data. We can see in our example our item would have the origin library of Minneapolis Institute of Art anda date of 19th century.

Quick Assignment

  1. Using the API, try and find the Lifeline to Berlin magazine page we explored in class together. So far we have been using simple searching, but feel free to try more complex requests https://pro.dp.la/developers/requestsWhat like wildcards and boolean searches. What query works the best?
  2. Now try to find the item you initially explored when you were first using DPLA.
  3. Finally try to find an item that has the same date as your birthdate. Post it to the #sharing-relevant-materials channel in the discord.

Using Code Libraries

So far we have been using the requests library to make our API calls. But often times you’ll find existing Python libraries that have been optimized to work with APIs.

In the case of the DPLA, there’s a Python library called DPyLA https://github.com/bibliotechy/DPyLA. You can install the library with pip3 install dpyla.

Then we can import the library and make a request to the API.

from dpla.api import DPLA
dpla = DPLA('your-api-key-here')

# Now make your search
response = dpla.search(q="kittens")
print(response.items[0])

With that print statement you should see the same thing we explored above, just without having to use requests. The options are essentially equivalent, but it’s helpful to use requests since many wrapper librarys like DPyLA are updated less frequently than the API itself and may also not provide the full ability to query the API.

Storing API Keys

The final piece for working with APIs is storing your API key. So far we have just been saving our key in the api_key variable. But if we tried to push up our code to Github, then everyone could see our API key and that’s a problem. API keys are just like normal passwords, they should be kept secret and unique.

So we could just write our API keys to a text file and save them there (especially because they are rarely something you can memorize), but there’s also more programattic ways to do this.

  1. You can store you API keys in your .zshrc file (or .bashrc, .profile). Just type open .zshrc and add the following line:
export DPLA_USER="username"
export DPLA_API_KEY="api_key"

Then save and close your file. Finally type source .zshrc to make sure your API key is set. What we have done here is saved our API keys as a environment variable. Now if you want to access that variable, all you need to do is use the os library in Python, like so:

import os
print(os.environ['DPLA_USER'])
api_key = os.environ['DPLA_API_KEY']

Alternatively you can use this Python library for storing API keys, called apikey https://github.com/ulf1/apikey.

You simply download the library with pip install "apikey>=0.2.4 and import it. Then write:

import apikey

apikey.save("dpla_key", "api_key")

key1 = apikey.load("dpla_key")

It is essentially doing the same thing as storing the environment variables yourself, but is abstracting that process through a python library.

Now you’re ready to try out the API Assignemnt. Have questions? Feel free to ask the instructor in class or on the discord #coding-questions channel.

⚡️ This lesson was adapted from Jeri Wieringa's lesson on Getting Data http://curriculum.dhbridge.org/modules/module03.html. For additional resources, please take a look at Lauren Klein and Dan Sinykin's Intro to APIs and Melanie Walsh's Intro to APIs

Updated: